Study Design:This was a retrospective study.Objective:Severe osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with kyphotic deformity are difficult to treat. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) combined with bone cement augmentation of pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of severe vertebral compression fractures with kyphotic deformity.Summary of Background Data:The data of patients with a severe vertebral compression fracture and kyphotic deformity treated at our university between October 2013 and October 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.Materials and Methods:All patients underwent PVCR combined with bone cement augmentation of pedicle screw fixation and anterior column reconstruction. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications, and screw stability at the last follow-up in all patients were documented. The clinical benefits were evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Oswestry Dysfunction Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, and Frankel classification.Results:The mean Cobb angle, sagittal vertical axis, VAS score, JOA score, and ODI were 48.56.9 degrees, 44.0 +/- 5.7, 6.5 +/- 1.5, 11.2 +/- 2.7, and 59.0 +/- 5.7 before surgery, respectively. The average follow-up period was 28.7 +/- 3.2 months. The Frankel grade in 5 patients with neurological impairment improved from D to E after surgery. The average Cobb angles for kyphotic deformity, sagittal vertical axis, VAS score, JOA score, and ODI were 9.5 +/- 3.8 degrees, 18.3 +/- 3.5, 2.6 +/- 1.2, 20.5 +/- 3.6, and 20.7 +/- 4.0, respectively, at the last follow-up (all P<0.05 compared with before surgery).Conclusions:For patients with severe vertebral compression fractures and kyphotic deformity, PVCR combined with bone cement augmentation of pedicle screw fixation can restore the spine sequence to achieve good clinical efficacy. Clinical trials are necessary for confirmation.