Exosomes have become the most ideal analysis target for liquid biopsy since they carry a large amount of genetic materials. The study on exosomes has great significance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the extremely low concentration renders the development of a robust exosomes enrichment technique, with the merits of low nonspecific cell adhesion, high-capture efficiency, and easy nondestructive release of captured exosomes, of vital significance. We successfully designed and developed a novel Tim4@ILI-01 immunoaffinity flake material. First, a strongly hydrophilic ILI-01 MOFs matrix material was fabricated with cationic ionic liquid 1,3-bis(4-carboxybutyl)imidazolium bromide as the organic ligand. The nonspecific adsorption of the ILI-01 MOFs material was only 0.7% after two washings with a neutral buffer. Moreover, based on the inherent abundant carboxyl groups on the ILI-01 MOFs flake, they can be facilely functionalized with an anti-Tim4 antibody with the bonding efficiency of 82.4%. The capture efficiency of the developed Tim4@ILI-01 immunoaffinity material for exosomes reached 85.2%, which is 5.2 times higher than that via the gold standard ultracentrifugation method. Furthermore, based on the Ca2+-dependent characteristic of the binding between the Tim4@ILI-01 immunoaffinity material and phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surfaces of exosomes, the captured exosomes can be easily released with the addition of a chelating agent under neutral eluent conditions. Thus, the captured exosomes maintained good biological activity. The developed Tim4@ILI-01 immunoaffinity flake was successfully applied for enrichment of exosomes from serums of healthy persons and lung adenocarcinoma patients. The levels of the expressed CD44 gene significantly changed under different stages of lung adenocarcinoma cancer. All these results demonstrate that the Tim4@ILI-01 immunoaffinity flake is a robust enrichment material and has a good potential in practical clinical applications.