As the most common primary tumour of the central nervous system, gliomas have a high recurrence rate after surgical resection and are resistant to chemotherapy, particularly high-grade gliomas dominated by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The prognosis of GBM remains poor despite improvements in treatment modalities, posing a serious threat to human health. At present, although drugs such as temozolomide, cisplatin and bevacizumab, are effective in improving the overall survival of patients with GBM, most patients eventually develop drug resistance, leading to poor clinical prognosis. The development of multidrug resistance has therefore become a major obstacle to improving the effectiveness of chemotherapy for GBM. The ability to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance and to develop novel therapeutic targets to overcome resistance is critical to improving the prognosis of patients with GBM. Of note, growing evidence indicates that a large number of abnormally expressed noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have a central role in glioma chemoresistance and may target various mechanisms to modulate chemosensitivity. In the present review, the roles and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs in glioma drug resistance were systematically summarized, the potential of ncRNAs as drug resistance markers and novel therapeutic targets of glioma were discussed and prospects for glioma treatment were outlined. ncRNAs are a research direction for tumor drug resistance mechanisms and targeted therapies, which not only provides novel perspectives for reversing glioma drug resistance but may also promote the development of precision medicine for clinical diagnosis and treatment.